University course timetabling problem is a challenging and time-consuming task on the overall structure of timetable in every academic environment. The problem deals with many factors such as the number of lessons, classes, teachers, students and working time, and these are influenced by some hard and SOFT CONSTRAINTs. The aim of solving this problem is to assign courses and classes to teachers and students, so that the restrictions are held. In this paper, a CONSTRAINT programming method is proposed to satisfy maximum CONSTRAINTs and expectation, in order to address university timetabling problem. For minimizing the penalty of SOFT CONSTRAINTs, a cost function is introduced and AHP method is used for calculating its coefficients. The proposed model is tested on department of management, University of Isfahan dataset using OPL on the IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio platform. A statistical analysis has been conducted and shows the performance of the proposed approach in satisfying all hard CONSTRAINTs and also the satisfying degree of the SOFT CONSTRAINTs is on maximum desirable level. The running time of the model is less than 20 minutes that is significantly better than the non-automated ones.

In this paper an uncertain multi objective closed-loop supply chain is developed. The first objective function is maximizing the total profit. The second objective function is minimizing the use of row materials. In the other word, the second objective function is maximizing the amount of remanufacturing and recycling. Genetic algorithm is used for optimization; and for finding the pareto optimal line, Epsilon-CONSTRAINT method is used. Finally a numerical example is solved with proposed approach and performance of the model is evaluated in different sizes. The results show that this approach is effective and useful for managerial decisions.

Background: Schizophrenia is one of the most important and disabling mental disorders in the world. Males and females are equally affected. Diagnosis is a very difficult problem in this disorder. Because the diagnostic systems such as ICD-IO and DSM-IV are mainly subjective, they are not valid and reliable. Essentially, in the future, we will need to more objective criteria in psychiatry especially in diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neurological SOFT signs are an example of these objective criteria. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of neurological SOFT signs in schizophrenic patients and compared it with the prevalence of these signs in other psychotic patients (except mood disorders with psychotic features) and normal subjects. Methods: We compared the neurological SOFT signs (sensory motor integration, motor. Coordination, consequent complex motor acts, primary reflexes, and eye movements) in 30 schizophrenic patients, 30 other psychotic patients (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) and 30 normal subjects. Diagnosis of schizophrenia and also other psychoses were based on DSM-IN criteria. Normal subjects have been selected form the staff of Roozbeh hospital randomly. Results: The difference between the means of motor coordination subscale of neurological SOFT signs in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) were significant (P value<0.04). There were no significant differences between the means of other subscales of neurological SOFT signs in two groups of patients. Conclusion: There are some disturbances of motor coordination subscale of neurological SOFT signs in patients with schizophrenia. It seems that, these disturbances are evidence of involvements of basal ganglia, motor cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. So it may be suggested that motor coordination as a marker can be used in differentiation between the schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Constrain is the condition of driven by necessity. The principle of CONSTRAINT determines the duties of the person constrained. In jurisprudence, it includes a range of activities from cleanness to blood compensation. However, jurisprudents have discussed it mainly with regard to those that can be eaten and drunk, and presented three different interpretations: fear of losing one"s life; fear in general, including fear of losing one"s life, or one"s limb, etc.; and fear of things not related to oneself but to others. The roots of CONSTRAINT are compulsion, precautionary concealment, loss and necessity. The present article deals with a kind of CONSTRAINT whose source is necessiy. The Qur"an has explicitly excused the person constrained from duties provided that the oppressor shows no inclination to sin. Tradition says that "there is so unlawful act that God Almighty has not made it permissible under CONSTRAINT." The intellect also knows it permissible to give up necessary duties and to do the unlawful acts under CONSTRAINT. Finally, the writer presents the conditions under which the application of the principle of constrain is made permissible.

The nurse scheduling in a hospital is a complex and timeconsuming problem which considers assigning nurses to shifts for each day of a planning horizon while ensuring meeting the demand of hospital units. In developing countries, there is usually a shortage of nursing sta,in health centers' therefore, the nurse scheduling problem is one of the most important issues in human resource management in clinical units. In this research, a mathematical model is developed so that CONSTRAINTs are classi , ed into two types of hard and SOFT and the weight of SOFT ones is obtained using the pairwise comparison matrix. In the proposed model, two objective functions are considered to maximize nurses' preferences and minimize the deviations from SOFT CONSTRAINTs for nursing scheduling problems. The nurses' preferences represent a very important issue in nurses' satisfaction. As a novelty of this paper, three factors used to calculate the nurses' preferences based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method are as follows: nurses' preferential ratings, data related to the preferences of past scheduling periods, and the work experience of nurses. Hospital nurses are also divided into two groups: , xed shift work and rotational shift work. Also, a fair allocation is considered for night and weekend shifts for nurses. The proposed model was solved by an improved version of the augmented epsilon CONSTRAINT method (AUGMECON2) using the data for a case study in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Comparing the results of the solution of the proposed model with the current method shows that there is a signi, cant improvement in preparing the nursing timetable and responding to nurses' preferences. The computational results of the mathematical model show that the nurses' mandatory overtime is reduced' therefore, the hospital costs are decreased. Also, a sensitivity analysis is presented for the deviations from SOFT CONSTRAINTs with respect to maximum working hours.

The concept of design is associated with the notion of CONSTRAINT as a limiting factor, and the search for the CONSTRAINT in the design process is essential in design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of CONSTRAINTs, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of CONSTRAINTs in design: inside the designer’, s mind or internal CONSTRAINT and outside it or external CONSTRAINT. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal CONSTRAINTs can be divided into deduced and subject CONSTRAINTs, and external CONSTRAINTs are categorised into imposed and intrinsic CONSTRAINTs. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate CONSTRAINTs in the design process to facilitate the restructuring of the design problem, which helps them solve the design problem.